The verbal portion of the message refers to the words that we speak, while the nonverbal portion includes our tone of voice and other non-vocal components such as personal appearance, posture, gestures and body movements, eye behavior, the way we use space, and even the way that we smell. The message involves those verbal and nonverbal behaviors, enacted by communicators, that are interpreted with meaning by others. Thus, communication is always a transactional process-a give and take of messages. If audience members are bored, disagree, or are confused by our message, they may be texting or looking away from us, shake their heads, have unhappy or confused expressions on their faces, or present oppositional vocal cues (like groans, “I don’t think so,” “That doesn’t make sense,” or “You’re crazy!”). If audience members are interested, agree, and understand us, they may lean forward in their seats, nod their heads, have positive or neutral facial expressions, and provide favorable vocal cues (such as laughter, “That’s right,” “Uh huh,” or “Amen!”). Even in a public speaking situation, we watch and listen to audience members’ responses. This means that communication is not a one-way process. Over the telephone, we listen to paralinguistic cues, such as pitch, tone, volume and fillers (i.e., “um,” “uh,” “er,” “like,” and so on). The information we gain from these observations is known as feedback. When we speak, we observe others’ nonverbal behavior to see if they understand us and we gauge their emotional state. It is used instead of sender and receiver, because when we are communicating with other people we are not only sending a message, we are receiving messages from others simultaneously. The term communicator refers to all of the people in the interaction or speech setting. Ramsey’s “Using Language Well” (Chapter 10) provides additional insight into the encoding and decoding process. If your aunt were trying to find her way to your apartment, she would listen to your words, associate these words with streets and landmarks that she knows, and then she would form a mental map of the way to get to you. So, if you wanted to explain to your aunt the directions to your new apartment, you would picture in your mind the landscape, streets and buildings, and then you would select the best words that describe the route so your aunt could find you.ĭecoding is the reverse process of listening to words, thinking about them, and turning those words into mental images. Encoding refers to the process of taking an idea or mental image, associating that image with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey a message.
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